In an imposing list of Renaissance English writers Walter Raleigh occupies a specific niche of his own. He did not leave a literary heritage comparable with that of Christopher Marlowe or Philip Sidney, to say nothing of Shakespeare. Nor he excelled in poetic metre and phrase like Edmund Spenser. Yet he comprised a lot of values which made him a notable soldier, courtier, navigator, explorer, adventurer, and more!
Little is known about Raleigh's birth or childhood, not even the year when he was born; according to different sources, that was 1552 or 1554. All sources start his biography with youth, when he attended Oxford, fought with the Huguenots in France and studied law in London. In 1578 Raleigh sailed to America with his half brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who obtained a patent for six years authorizing him to take possession of "any remote barbarous and heathen lands not possessed by any Christian prince or people." They planned to found a colony there but this expedition was unsuccessful as they lost a ship, Gilbert was impoverished by his ventures, and Ralegh had to seek his fortune about the court.
In 1580 he was twice arrested for duels and first came to the attention of Elizabeth I, when he went to Ireland to help suppress a rebellion in Munster. As the old story says, he threw his mantle on the ground to help the queen to walk dry-shod over a puddle, and scribbled verses with a diamond on a pane of glass to attract her attention.
These might be gossip, but it is certain that his tall and handsome appearance, his caressing manners and quick wit pleased the Queen. He soon became her favourite, and the rewards showered on him were out of all proportion: he received extensive estates in Ireland, was knighted and appointed captain of the Queen's Guard.
In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina). The colony failed, but Raleigh brought potatoes and tobacco to Britain. Although both of these were already known via the Spanish, Raleigh did help to make smoking popular at court and Queen Elizabeth said: “I have often seen how money turned into smoke. You’re the first who turned money into smoke”.
In 1592 he was again at sea with an expedition, when he was recalled by the queen. The cause of it was the discovery of Raleigh's secret marriage to one of her maids of honour, Elizabeth Throgmorton. This threw the queen into a jealous rage. However hard had Ralegh denied it both he and his wife were imprisoned in the Tower, and if he was not already married was married there. On his release, in an attempt to find favour with the queen, he set off on an unsuccessful expedition to find El Dorado, the fabled “Golden Land”, rumoured to be situated somewhere on the Orinoco river in Guiana (now Venezuela). His account of the voyage, The Discoverie of Guiana, published on his return, is the most brilliant of all the Elizabethan narratives of adventure.
The death of the queen and the accession of James I were ruinous to Ralegh. He was dismissed from the captaincy of the Guard, deprived of his monopolies, and in 1603 accused of plotting against the king. His trial at Winchester was conducted with outrageous unfairness, and his composure turned public opinion in his favour. It is now impossible to reach the truth, but it appears probable that Ralegh was aware of the conspiracies, though the evidence against him was insufficient to prove his guilt. He was sentenced to death which was reduced to life imprisonment and Raleigh spent the next 12 years in the Tower of London, where he wrote his “History of the World”.
In 1616, Raleigh was released to lead a second expedition to search for El Dorado. The expedition was a failure, and Raleigh also defied the king's instructions by attacking the Spanish. On his return to England, the death sentence was reinstated and Raleigh's execution took place on 29 October 1618. He died with serenity and dignity. The day before, Raleigh wrote a letter to one of his friends, inviting him to his execution. He advised the friend to come early to take a better place, as it was going to be crowded. "As for me, I have already secured a place." He mounted the scaffold with calm and laid his head on the block. When the executioner demanded that he turned his face to the east, Raleigh pronounced: “It doesn’t matter where the head is. What does matter is where your heart is”.













